Institutional Functions and Disparate Connotations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1856 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Tags: Political Essay Did you like this example? In contemporary political and legal beliefs, the term civil law indissolubly provides perplexing connotations. Many harbingers ostensibly understand the term civil law as a substantive area of law which preluded in the times of Ancient Rome. Conversely, individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s familiar and residing in common law jurisdiction understand civil law to be a private area of law which is non-criminal. In this essay I will be analysing the terms civil law, their institutional functions, and their disparate connotations, before reaching a conclusion as to why the term creates an area of misconception. Common law emanated from legal developments in early Middle Ages in medieval England, influenced by Anglo-Saxon law which was applied in British colonies. The fundamental reasoning for the system is the doctrine of precedent. In common law jurisdictions such as England and Wales, courts lower in the judicial hierarchy are strictly bound by decisions of senior appell ate courts. This process, termed stare decisis is the crux of system, on the basis that it is unfair to judge similar situations differently. Such decisions are contained within yearbooks/reports termed case law. Civil law within this nature relates to a private category of law which is non-criminal; it is the legal mechanism whereby litigants can have their rights enforced (Slapper Kelly, 2013). Torts, quasi-contract, property are all examples of civil law. Unlike criminal law, the purpose of civil law is not punishment per se, it is, however, concerned with remedying litigants who have been wronged by anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act/omissions. Comparing both criminal law and civil law we notice another difference. Unlike criminal law, which evidential standard is based beyond reasonable doubt, the standard of proof in civil litigation is on the balance of probabilities; that is, more probable than not. In this sense, it is generally the claimant whom carries the burden of proof . Nonetheless, there are situations where this may reverse. For example, in a prima facie case, i.e. defamation case, the burden of proof will reverse onto the defendant to refute the claims therein. Civil cases are generally disputes between two parties or an organisation, a party whom commences a case is called the claimant, and the party that the action is being taken against is termed the defendant. If the claimant can prove on the balance of probabilities that the claimant wronged him/her, the defendant will then be liable for a form of compensation which is typically a sum of money. However, where the standard of proof is not met, one will be found not liable. Common law, as opposed to civil law, operates as an adversarial system; a challenge between two opposing adversaries before a judge, who acts as a moderator. In England and Wales, either-way or indictable offences are often adjudicated by a jury of ordinary people who will decide on the facts of the case. The judge then decides the appropriate sentence bases upon the juryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outcome. Another noticeable difference between civil law and criminal law is the parties involved; unlike criminal law, cases are referred to by the parties of the litigation, for example, Smith v Jones. By contrast, criminal law styles cases as R v Jones, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in this sense relating to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Reginaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Latin for queen. Whilst the United Kingdom (UK) is a signatory to the European Union (formerly European Community), the jurisprudence emanating from the convention generally takes precedence over domestic law where there is a conflict. In addition, the Court of Justice of the European Union is, in theory, formed upon civil law principles, therefore, providing requirement to follow the principle of stare decisis (Slapper Kelly, 2013). Moreover, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s palpable that the deep grammar of the civil law paradigmatic bring s with it perplexing connotations. In a common law jurisdiction, to the reasonably prudent layperson, the term civil law system would confuse. An unindustrialized, and more nuanced view, is that the term does not proficiently distinguish itself, consequently creating a simultaneous area of misperception. Noticeably, there needs to be a more context-specific approach to the terminology that surrounds us. While the area of substantive law implicitly relies on a conception of civil law, its namesake entails a series of complexions particularly to those whom reside in common law jurisdiction. By contrast, the term civil law further relates to jurisdictions who do not apply a common law approach, instead applying comprehensive coding and scholarly texts to proceedings allowing courts to adjudicate more liberally. Nevertheless, consistency and certainty of the law must be fortified. Civil law is developed from Roman law, built by the Emperor Justinian in the sixth century, CE (Bamford , Tayleur and Verlander, 2013). Whilst common law relies on judicial precedent, the legal traditions in Europe, non-common law jurisdictions or non-Islamic countries give less weight to precedent, applying scholarly literature, legislative enactments and comprehensive coding to evaluate jurisprudential conditions. Such codes differentiate between categories of law: substantive law evaluates which acts are subject to criminal prosecution, procedural law establishes the technical aspects and prescribes which actions are to be construed as a criminal act, and penal law establishes the appropriate punishment. A well-worn example of the paradigm is the inquisitorial nature of a civil law system. Analogously, it is evident that the initiation of litigation segregates between the two jurisdictions. Whereas in common law jurisdiction it is the prerogative of a prosecuting authority (or sometimes individual), in civil law jurisdiction it is generally the judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role t o initiate proceedings, provide formal charges and investigate the matters therein. Nonetheless, s/he is bound to conform to a framework of established and systematic set of codified laws. For example, in France, the Napoleonic code forbade judges from pronouncing general principles of law. Moreover, in analogy to common law, continental systems do not use jury trial, nevertheless, appoint judges who are appointed due to their area of expertise, not impartiality. There are, however, jurisdictions which rely on a pluralistic system; that is, they are mixed. For example, Malta is a country of mixed jurisdiction, compromising of a civil and common law one. Whilst the code was highly predisposed from the Code de Napoleon and Italian Civil law, British influence, including all colonies were influenced by English common law, particularly in Public law. Similarly, Quebecà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s juridical nature relies on a mixture of common law and civil law where appropriate. The system, ho wever, emanated following the 1763 Treaty of Paris which bestowed French Canada to Great Britain. However, the Quebec Act 1774 was implemented to ensure the system was pluralistic in nature, relying on English Common law, and civil law based on the Coutume de Paris. In conclusion, it seems fair to say that the term civil law carries perplexing connotations. Within its peculiarly jurisprudential origins, civil law encompasses adjudication by means of comprehensive legal codes. However, the term civil law in common law jurisdiction pronounces a mechanism whereby one can have their rights enforced in a court of law should they be wronged by another. Perhaps the most concise, intricate conclusion is that both legal systems provide great disparity within their approaches, and a more context-specific approach should be adopted to dispel any complexities within their ornate origins. Question 2 Driving without insurance Driving without insurance is a strict liability offence, me aning intention is not required in order to be convicted. Driving without insurance is a criminal offence pursuant to the Road Traffic Act 1987 s.143 (1) (a); the law requires a driver to have at least third party insurance in place before driving or parking a vehicle on a public highway. The penalties for driving without insurance are between 6 and 8 penalty points and a means-tested fine of up to  £5000. However, the police do, in limited circumstances, have the authority to issue a  £200 fixed penalty notice and six penalty points. That said, by not having insurance, Rex has exposed himself to civil liability under the tort of negligence. A pedestrian can claim compensation under the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agreement with the Motor Insurersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Bureau (MIB) where the opponent is uninsured. It should be advised that although Rex does not carry insurance, that does not preclude action. The MIB will evaluate the claim, and look for recompense, th erefore if Rex holds particular assets, a judgment can be enforced to levy said assets. Although the police may agree, the standard of proof is on a balance of probabilities which means the claimant will carry the burden of proving liability. Tablet Computer With reference to the tablet computer, whilst warranty may provide protections, as a matter of law the Sales of Goods Act will provide protection. Under the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as amended), goods must be (1) as described; (2) of satisfactory quality;and (3) fit for purpose. Within the first six months, the burden lies with the retailer to provide the problem is not caused by a manufacturing default. Thereafter, the burden reverses on the customer. In addition, EU directive 1999/44/EC gives consumers a two-year warranty on new goods brought from retailers. When returning goods, the directive does not require the buyer to show the fault is inherent in the product and not down to their actions. Loud music Loud music w ithin a home can be classed as a statutory nuisance. Naturally, one has the right to enjoy the luxury of their possessions; however, the balance shifts between this, and the neighbours right to enjoyment. By virtue of theEnvironmental Protection Act 1990, local authorities are obliged to take action to investigate complaints of nuisance noise made by residents. Where one is found to be causing statutory noise nuisance, they will issue a noise abatement order. Furthermore, in England, the common law tort of private nuisance may apply. That is, the unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property. Such litigation looks at the realms of the standards of the average person. Nuisance claims are of strict liability; that is, it negates the requirement for negligence or tortious intent. The cases of Jones v Powell and Rylands v Fletcher set forth the requirements for such a claim for a potential claim, on the basis that said neighbourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s enjoyment of property was interfered with. Contract Claim By virtue of English contract law, there has to be an offer, acceptance and consideration with an intention to create legal relations. In order to have a legally binding contract, there has to be a meeting of the minds and an intention to create legal relations. From the narrative, it would appear that the requisite intentions of contract formation have not been met, therefore Rex would have no claim in contract. Bibliography Bamford, K., Tayleur, T. and Verlander, S. (2013). 17th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.56. Slapper, G. and Kelly, D. (2011). English legal system, 2011-2012. London: Routledge. Cases Rylands v Fletcher [1868] UKHL 1 Legislation Road Traffic Act, c.52. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/52/contents (Accessed: 24 October 2014) Sales of Goods Act 2979, c.54. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/54/contents (Accessed: 25 October 201 4) EU Legislation Directive 1999/44/ec of the European parliament and of the council of 25 may 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantee: Available at:https://eurex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31999L0044from=EN (Accessed 24 October 2014) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Institutional Functions and Disparate Connotations" essay for you Create order

Obesity The Country Of Fast Foods - 1788 Words

According to Food Research and Action Center obesity has increased more than doubled in children and adults since the 1970s (National Center for Health Statistics, 2009). Yet, people don’t want to admit that this is a serious issue in our society. When we think about obesity the first country that comes to everyone’s mind is of course United States, the native country of fast foods. Although United States is one of the most progressive countries in the entire world, yet it has the biggest rate in obesity in young people as well as in adults. So it is not a secret that American community is known and considered the most unhealthiest people in the planet. Just think about, fast food chains are always in every single corner wherever you go and water has been replaced by soda. This country lives on the life â€Å"to go† which means always in a hurry and not having time to make their own food at home. Microwavable lunch are the easier way during a busy day for most people and in the end of the day eating fast food all day is more affordable. However, if people will be motivated by different types of commercials on the radio or television, people will learn how to eat right and find a better way to protect their own health. Burger King, Wendy’s, Popeyes, Mcdonald’s, Arby s these and many more corporations like these ones have become household names in our world. Each and every of these companies operates an unique mission which is served a filling meal for a very low cost and ofShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essays1082 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity among Americans has been a growing issue in the United States predominantly over the past decade. Many may argue American’s are obese because of poor food choices, over-eating, genetic disposition, lack of exercise, or the environment which one lives, while others blame it all on fast-food chains and restaurants. Throughout my research I have come to find a lot of facts and statistics about fast food consumption causing obesity. Statistics show that without a doubt the United States isRead MoreRelation Between Fast Food Restaurants and Obesity1195 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Fast Food Restaurants and Obesity Introduction The combination of increasingly sedentary lifestyles, two-income families with children, busy single professionals and the proliferation of fast food restaurants in recent years has created a perfect storm of obesity in the United States as well as a number of other countries. Further exacerbating the problem is the lack of nutrition and high levels of fat content in many fast food restaurant products, making their consumption a high-risk activityRead MoreWho Can We Blame?1392 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen a victim of the so called â€Å" fast food obesity outbreak†? You re not the only one. 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Research Project Assignment free essay sample

Interview team members to clarify and provide insight into conversations. I will attempt to conduct these interviews shortly after conversations of interest. While the interviews will not be formal or structured, the kinds of questions I will ask include the following. The general strategy for the interviews is to start off with broad questions and follow up on the interviewee’s responses, to capture her or his meanings and to avoid imposing my meanings on the interviewee. 4. Undertake a situational analysis of the field notes and interview notes 5. Write a research report P3 Time line for the research: Prepare proposal by 1 April Complete literature review by 15 April Complete fieldwork by22 May Complete analysis by 29 May Give presentation on 3 June Complete final report by 16 June P4 Ethical Guidelines: Ethical guidelines were followed to ensure the confidentiality of the participants. The names of the businesses remained confidential and were not recorded with the responses. The research did not present any harm or risk to the participants, and each participant was informed of the goals and procedures of research through the distributed cover letter. The reporting method was explained on the last page of the questionnaire. The participants were given a telephone number to call if they had any additional questions about the project. P5 Primary and secondary research relating to the proposal: In my research work I will not use any secondary data or information and instead where I will use my findings out of my primary research. The purpose of this survey is to establish a better understanding of the local business opinions of the Community Events War Chest and to discover the degree of support or of opposition to this account. The Community Events War Chest account was first examined through board meetings, where members and representatives met to discuss the status of the account. They found that quantity and quality of information needed to correctly estimate local business interest in the Community Events War Chest could not be obtained through committee or member meetings. The purpose of this survey is to find the needed information to assess whether or not the account should be maintained. P6 Describe and justify the chosen methodology: The questionnaire used in this survey contains three interrelated sections. The first section is designed to identify the type of business and to gauge its involvement in Missoula community events. The second section focuses on the participant’s perception and knowledge of the Community Events War Chest. The third section assesses the willingness to donate to the Community Events War Chest. Open-ended questions are also posed to give the participants a chance to write down their own thoughts and suggestions for the types of events the businesses would like to see come to Missoula and the overall opinion of the Community Events War Chest. P7 Prepare for the research project process and action plan with supervisor: The businesses that responded to the survey consisted of 42. 9% restaurant, 35. 7% sporting goods/retail/grocery, 7. 1% hotel/motel, and 7. 1% other businesses. The participants were asked to rate their involvement in the community on a scale of one to four. Fourteen point three percent of the respondents claimed that they never attended events, and another 14. 3% said that they rarely attended events. There were, however, 50% of the respondents that indicated they occasionally attend events, and 21. % that say they attend events frequently. Participation in community events was also examined. We found that 21. 4% of the respondents never participated in community events, while 42. 9% of the population rarely participated in events. It was interesting to find that only 14. 3% of respondents occasionally participate in community events, and only 21. 4% claim that they frequently participate in community event s. The survey also indicated that respondent activity as volunteers for community events was comparable to the other sources of involvement. The category of volunteering includes things such as working at events, or planning events. Thirty-five point seven of the participants say they never volunteer, and 35. 7% say they rarely volunteer during events. The percent of respondents who occasionally volunteer is 28. 6% and no one responded that they frequently volunteer for community events. When asked how often they sponsored events, respondents indicated that 57. 1% frequently helped sponsor events. This sponsorship includes things such as finances and supplies donated to the event. This contrasts with the lack of involvement respondents indicated in the previous questions. Fourteen point three percent reported they did not ever sponsor events, 7. 1% rarely sponsored events, and 21. 4% occasionally sponsored events. The following table shows respondents’ answers to each of the four questions about community involvement. Never RarelyOccasionallyFrequently Attends Community Events14. 3%14. 3%50%21. 4% Participates in Sporting Events21. 4% 42. 9%14. 3%21. 4% Volunteers at Community Events35. 7% 35. 7%28. 6%0% Sponsors Community Events14. % 7. 1%21. 4%57. 1% P8 Monitor and revise schedule: This report includes four sections describing the process, findings, interpretation of results, and an appendix. The first section of this report focuses on the methods used in the survey. It includes the questionnaire design, methods, and ethical guidelines. The second section is devoted to the results and findings. This section provides a descriptive summary of the inform ation gathered from the surveys and the interpretations of the results according to the information provided by the local businesses. The third section discusses, explains, compares and interprets important results. This gives the Missoula Area Chamber of Commerce the needed information to better serve the needs of Missoula. The final section of the report is an appendix, where the reader is provided with verbatim copies of our cover letter, survey questionnaire, and other materials. P9 Collect and review data using appropriate methods: To obtain the data, a survey was mailed to a sample of ninety-six local businesses in and around the Missoula area. The participants were first mailed a cover letter and questionnaire. The cover letter explained the purpose of the survey and importance of prompt return. The cover letter also provided an explanation of procedures used to guarantee confidentiality and stated that the survey would only be used to assess the opinions of the participants and not to solicit funds. Instructions indicated that the survey could be faxed or mailed back to the Missoula Area Chamber of Commerce by the participants. A follow-up notice was sent in the form of a postcard one week after the initial mailing, reminding the participants of the importance of their involvement in the survey. P10 Analyze and interpret qualitative and quantitative data: The results also indicate that 35. 8% of the sample was familiar with the Community Events War Chest, and 57. 1% was not familiar. The remaining 7. 1% indicated that they were unsure about their familiarity. Twenty one point four percent of the sample reported that they would be willing to donated funding to the Community Events War Chest in the future, 35. 7% said that they were not interested in contributing to the fund, and 35. 7% said they might consider donating to the account if they had more information. The survey also asked the participants which donation method is preferred. From this section of questions, 41. 7% of respondents indicated that they were not considering donating to the Community Events War Chest, 25% of respondents said they were willing to donate after the effects of the events had been assessed by their business. The other categories of donation methods each had a 16. 7% response. P11 Record findings in an accepted format: CountPercent of Respondents Businesses Not Considering Donations541. 7 Preference of Donating a Percentage216. Preference of Donating a Lump Sum216. 7 Preference of Donating a Lump Sum216. 7 Preference of Donating after Effect325. 00 From the above table section of questions, 41. 7% of respondents indicated that they were not considering donating to the Community Events War Chest, 25% of respondents said they were willing to donate after the effects of the events had been assessed by their business. The other categories of donation methods each had a 16. 7% response. P12 Present and summaries the findings use suitable methods: The above pie chart shows percentage of the suggested event categories out of the participant, where I found 31% of the participant suggested only sports and Sports Arts, only Arts 15%, other 8% and not interested is 15%. P13Evaluate the methodology used and critically analyzes the findings: The open-ended questions gave the respondents a chance to respond to the questionnaire in their own words. The questions asked what sort of events the respondents would like to see brought to Missoula. Twenty eight point ix percent responded that they would like to see more sporting events and 14. 3% suggested art events, such as concerts and art shows, and 28. 6% indicated that they would like to see a combination of sporting events and art events. The remaining 7. 1% indicated other events, and 14. 3% said they were not interested in seeing events brought to the Missoula area. Overall, 50% of the respondents indicated a positive opinion of the Community Events War Chest. Twenty eight point six percent of the participants held a neutral opinion, and 14. % expressed a negative opinion about the Community Events War Chest. P14 Proposed recommendation based on findings: In order to achieve an accurate sample for the survey, the systematic sampling method was utilized. The sampling frame was chosen by determining which businesses were potentially affected by the Community Events War Chest. The following chart illustrates the number of respondents for each business category. This included the categories of restaurants, hotels, sporting goods, retail stores, bars, and taverns. From a sampling frame of 478 businesses, 96 were randomly chosen for our sample by taking every fifth business from my sampling frame. Conclusion: The results indicate that the local businesses generally support the Community Events War Chest. However, the response rate to the survey was low. After sending out 96 surveys to Missoula businesses and only receiving 14 in return, we could only conclude that either business was uninterested or that they were unaware of the implications of the Community Events War Chest. Other factors, such as the lack of a self addressed stamped envelope, or a lack of general information regarding the Community Events War Chest, may have also been responsible. Due to the low response rate, there can be no strong conclusion drawn from the results of the survey. However, these surveys may have increased the awareness of this fund in the local business community. Bibliography: †¢nces. ed. gov †¢Lecture notes †¢jnto. org

Ski Resorts Management Essay Example Essay Example

Ski Resorts Management Essay Example Paper Ski Resorts Management Essay Introduction This is achieved through answering several important questions. First of all, the environment surrounding ski resorts is examined and how they have been affected by changes that have occurred since 1970’s. Next, the business reactions of ski resorts in order to adapt to these changes are discussed, as well as the greater importance of management comparing to past years. The third part discusses different competition that resorts on the west and east coasts of the USA are facing. Moreover, the impact of European competition to east coast resorts is examined, as well. In the end, different forecasts for further changes in ski resorts business environment are provided, as well as several suggestions for actions that can be taken in the near future. Question 1: What are the most important changes in the environment that have contributed to the drop in revenues? In 1970’s, ski industry in the United States experienced great market expansion. However, the preceding years brou ght numerous problems and significant decrease in profits as the business environment of the ski resorts was changing. In order to better understand this issue, several factors need to be considered. To begin with, one of the main changes that contributed to profit decrease of ski resorts is certainly the one of customer age. Results of research showed that the average age of customers has risen. (Anon, 2007) This was mainly due to ageing of people who were born in period from 1946 to 1964, or so called ‘Baby Boomers’. These people came to an age when they had more responsibilities, work and family obligations being some of them. Ski Resorts Management Essay Body Paragraphs For this reason, they had less time and money which could be spent on holidays. This has lead to a great decrease in the number of customers and ski resorts had problems reacting to this occurrence. (Anon, 1997) Problems began to increase as numerous resorts had more facilities than needed and low level of management lead to disaster of many resorts. According to research, the number of ski resorts is decreasing which leads to increased competition and cost of doing business. (Randall, 1996) To continue, the climate change is another major factor affecting the business of ski resorts. The increased emission of Greenhouse gasses causes global warming which is a great threat to extremely weather-dependant ski industry. Winters are becoming more and more warmer, which affects skiing seasons which are shorter with interruptions and less snow. Finally, trends are constantly changing and this also affected the business of ski resorts. For instance younger generations prefer playing compute r games and surfing on the internet to skiing or doing any sport. Furthermore, the popularity of skiing dramatically decreased within young generations as nowboarding emerged and took most of their attention. (Palmeri, 2005) All this lead to a state that most of skiers were of older age, and as mentioned above, these people didn’t have as much time for skiing holidays as when they were young. Question 2: Why is management a more important success factor for ski resorts now, compared to 20-30 years ago? As Ski resorts in the USA started to experience great losses in 1980’s due to changes in the environment, they had to adapt to these changes in order to survive and remain competitive in the industry. For this reason, management began to play a very important role in the business of ski resorts which started to get more involved in its main activities which are planning, leading organizing and controlling. To begin with, the first major issue that had to be considered wa s the ageing of customers. As average customer age significantly increased, the managers of resorts had to find a way to attract these customers. First of all, since the new average customer base consisted mostly of people who are married with children, ski resorts had to adapt their facilities and offers to needs of such customers. For this reason, various family discounts and family packages started to be offered in tourist agencies. Moreover, resorts started offering ski schools for children and families as well as many other activities that can keep children occupied while their parents are skiing. (Folmer, 2005) Furthermore, the needs of customers have significantly changed not only in relation to customer age. In contrast to 1970’s and 80’s when skiing was the only reason for customers to visit resorts, today various interesting non-skiing activities need to be offered in order to attract them. This is why facilities like adventure parks, cinemas, theatres, shopp ing centers and other can be found as part of tourist offer of ski resorts. Further on, resorts needed to adapt to growing popularity of snowboarding. For this reason, many resorts invested in building snowboard tracks and special stunt areas in order to attract younger customers who are very fond of this extreme sport. (Palmeri, 2005) Next, another trend could be observed that people belonging to Baby Boom Generation started increasingly buying properties on mountains for their holidays. For this reason, resorts started to get involved in the real-estate business by building such properties like condos hotels etc and offering them to the market. (McGinn, 2005) To continue, advancement of technology and evolvement of internet are other factors that affected business of ski resorts. Today, large investments are being made by ski resorts for modernizing facilities, building newer and faster ski lifts etc. Furthermore, internet advertising is becoming increasingly used by resorts. Cust omers are offered today to make online reservations, inform about weather conditions and forecasts and receive e-mails about new special offers and discounts from ski resorts as part of their customer service. (Bryson, 2002) Finally, managers of ski resorts are perhaps experiencing greatest problems with an issue of climate change and global warming. Numerous resorts in USA have adopted the ‘Sustainable Slopes’ Charter and many of them are involved in the ‘Keep Winter Cool’ campaign. Anon, 2007) This shows that resorts are trying to battle global warming by decreasing their emission of Greenhouse gasses and improve their image as good corporate citizens since many environmental organizations have been accusing them for polluting the environment. Question 3: How is competitive environment of the resorts on the east coast different from that in Colorado? What should the east coast resorts pay particular attention to? The next issue to be discussed is the diff erence between competitive environments of Colorado and the east coasts ski resorts. First of all, Colorado has a reputation of one the most attractive skiing locations in the world. With 26 top-class resorts, 6 of them being in the top 10 in the USA, Colorado attracts each winter large number of customers from all over the world. Among many advantages of Colorado are its long winter seasons and great range of vacation opportunities for customers in relation to their skiing skills, income or family status. Nevertheless, Colorado is mostly known for top class resorts offering great service and many different non-skiing activities which round an unforgettable experience for each customer. Weiss, 2002) Perhaps the most known resort in Colorado is Vail which belongs to Vail Resorts Corporation. (McGinn, 2005) There are several corporations owning a number of resorts and there is a great competition between them as they are under pressure to introduce new innovative activities and offers each year in order to attract more customers. While Colorado has an image of high-class skiing destination, resorts on the east coast of USA are experiencing many difficulties when trying to attract customers. First of all, these resorts are of much smaller size than those in Colorado and they have shorter seasons with less snow. Anon, 2007) However, they known for beautiful natural sights and this is why they are mostly offering family experience at low price. Furthermore, east coast resorts are experiencing strong competition not only from Colorado, but also from resorts in Europe which are improving their offers each season. Resorts in France, Austria or Switzerland are offering great experience at accessible prices and, therefore, many people from USA are deciding to try European tracks. For this reason, east coast resorts are losing customers, even though they are offering lower prices than Colorado resorts. They will need to come up with new ideas in order to retain their cus tomers and attract new ones. Question 4: What possible changes in the environment do you believe will take place in the next few years? Taking into consideration all the above discussed issues, certain assumptions about the future of ski industry can be made, as well as suggestions for future management actions to be taken. To begin with, as competition is getting stronger and many smaller resorts fail, it can be expected that the number of ski resorts will continue to decrease making battle for survival take greater measures. Various innovations and interesting new offers can be expected, as managers of resorts try to find new customers and keep competitive position in the industry. It can certainly be anticipated that resorts will try to reduce their dependence on skiing by developing and offering a variety of non skiing activities, as it is planned in Vail Resorts, for example. (Folmer, 2005) Furthermore, greater focus on younger generations can be expected, as managers try to ga in more customers belonging to this market segment. This can be done through greater involvement in extreme sports, organizing competitions and building more terrain and tracks for snowboarding and similar sports. Finally, the greatest focus can b expected on fight against global warming. Many resorts are already investing in artificial snow making technology as seasons are getting shorter. Furthermore, resorts will put greater effort in order to reduce emissions of Greenhouse gasses, and greater involvement and support for organizations that are fighting global warming. In the end summer offers can be expected as an alternative for shorter winter seasons and a way for covering losses endured due to this problem. Conclusion To sum up all the above mentioned, the environment of ski resorts in the USA has changed significantly since 1970 and it brought numerous problems to resorts resulting in decreased profits and failure of great number of them. Managers of resorts had to come up wi th ideas how to adapt to these changes in order to survive and remain competitive in the industry. For this reason management took over a highly important role in business of ski resorts, and its improvement was necessary. Further on, competition is very strong among resorts in the USA. However, unlike Colorado which has a world class image, resorts on the east coast are experiencing increased competition from European resorts, and they will have great difficulties in finding ways to keep their customers. Finally, the issue of global warming is forcing ski resorts to find way to keep snow on their tracks or to find alternatives to short winter seasons. All in all, management can be expected to become of greater importance as the number of ski resorts keeps decreasing and competition among the remaining ones becomes We will write a custom essay sample on Ski Resorts Management Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ski Resorts Management Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ski Resorts Management Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer